SharePoint was bolted into Microsoft BPOS (Business Productivity Online Suite) which later became Office 365. Documents are stored in Microsoft SQL Server database. In other words, not shared storage so much as content management system.
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SharePoint was not intended for storage of arbitrary file types the system allowed it, but full features only light up with Office documents. SharePoint supported a technology called WebDAV (Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning) to allow clients to access content programmatically, and this could be used in Windows to make online documents appear in Windows Explorer (the file utility), but there was no synchronization client.
The original design goal of SharePoint (a feature of Windows Server 2003) was to enable businesses to share Office documents with document history, comments, secure access and so on, and to provide a workplace for teams. OneDrive for Business on the other hand is essentially SharePoint: team portal including online document storage and collaboration. It was designed from the beginning as a cloud storage and client sync service. OneDrive was once SkyDrive and before that Windows Live Folders and before that Windows Live Drive. The two products have different ancestries. It is not that simple of course (and see below for how you can get 1TB OneDrive for less). Difficult decision? Especially as OneDrive for Business appears to be a superset of OneDrive: Microsoft’s price plans for additional cloud storage are odd: